| Puglia's climate and, more importantly, its geographical position have always made it a favourable place to settle, or at least control. Puglia was the gateway to Greece and the Orient but it was also the gateway for the people of these lands to enter Italy (and on into Europe) so, for many civilisations, it was extremely important strategically to control this area; both for trade and for the launching of invasions. It can be seen that Puglia's history is a story of these colonisations and conquests, which is reflected in the varied styles and culture of the region. Although inhabited for many thousands of years previously, the Ancient Greeks were the first great civilisation to control this region, settling here from the 7th century BC. The region was important as a trading route but the Greeks also organised the region and developed the agriculture. Some cities, in particular Taranto, became important colonies of Magna Grecia and many relics and archaeological sites can be found in this area. With the arrival of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century BC came a change of control, although Puglia took a century to be fully conquered due to rebellion in many cities. The importance of Apulia (as it was known by the Romans, and still used today in English) to the Roman Empire was second only to that of Lazio, and many seaports (eg. Brindisi and Bari) were founded at this time.Brindisi was the most important port for reaching Greece, Macedonia, Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean and was linked directly back to Rome by the famous Via Appia (Appian Way) and the Via Traiana; one of the two Roman Columns marking the end of the Appian Way is still standing in the city. With the fall of the Roman Empire came a long, dark period for the region with many barbarian invasions by, among others, Goths, Lombards, Byzantines and Saracens, leading to great economic decline. In the 11th century the Normans took control of the area and created the Duchy of Apulia. Stability returned to the region, even after the Norman centre of power moved to Sicily, and a new economic and artistic prosperity was created for the region. This continued under the rule of the Swabian Kings, and in particular, King Frederick II. In the 13th century, Frederick brought regional organisation to the region and helped cement the trade links of the coastal towns. For 400 years Puglia flourished as it regained its position as a crucial gateway from Europe to the East and the area became one of the most important and wealthy in Italy. Frederick's reign was a time of great building work. Magnificent cathedrals, castles (eg. the octagonal Castel del Monte and Bari's Swabian Castle), even whole cities were built. The architecture of this time was classically Romanesque but it can be seen in the characteristics of many of the buildings that there was still a great influence from the previous Lombard and Byzantine conquests. The Renaissance was generally another bleak period for Puglia. In the late 13th century, Puglia was absorbed into the Kingdom of Naples under Angevin rule. In 1500, the Spanish king Ferdinand V of Aragon was assigned Puglia by Louis XII of France and two centuries of great decline and poverty followed. The Aragons built strong coastal fortifications in Bari, Taranto and Otranto to ward off Turkish invasion but then moved their seat of power from Bari to Naples, and Puglia was subject to attack by the Turks and Venetians. Much of the land was abandoned and coastal land quickly turned into swamp and became malaria-infested. This was, however, the time when baroque architecture blossomed in many Pugliese towns and cities and can be seen in the style of the cathedrals built at that time. Lecce, a city dating from Greek times, rapidly expanded and was turned it into the most beautiful of baroque cities: "the Florence of the South". In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht briefly gave Puglia to the Austrians until defeated by the Bourbon dynasty, who ruled there from 1734. From the end of the 18th century it was Napoleonic France that controlled Puglia, as well as most of the rest of Italy, leading to the Repubblica Italiana and then the Kingdom of Italy. This was a time of administrative and economic organisation as well as agricultural reform. Although, there are early examples from up to 400 years before, the 18th century was when the world-famous conical trulli houses were mostly built. To avoid paying taxes to the crown, feudal landowners made the peasant farmers build their houses dry-walled (without any binding material). This either made them exempt from tax or meant they could be quickly dismantled before inspectors arrived from Naples. By now there was a strong popular feeling for democracy and the unification of Italy and, in 1861, Puglia was annexed to the new Italian state. Since this time, there has been a sharp divide between the industrialised north of Italy and the rural south (including Puglia to some extent) and there were many protests by peasants over heavy taxation. Since then, the region has been a site of much development although it was badly affected by the two World Wars, again due to its strategic position. Taranto and Brindisi were badly damaged in WWII, but are now thriving (although not particularly attractive) industrialised ports, as is the capital city, Bari. In the 1950's and 1960's there was large-scale emigration to the north and abroad but the state began a program of assistance for southern Italy and Puglia is now a productive area industrially and agriculturally as well as benefiting greatly from the tourist industry. However, much of the region retains a traditional feel: in the farming of the countryside, the buildings of the villages and most towns, and the Mediterranean way of life. |
